Library: Education by Credo Reference: Alternative and Special Education

Alternative Education

Apprenticeship: Topic Page
System of learning a craft or trade from one who is engaged in it and of paying for the instruction by a given number of years of work.
Auto-Didacticism
From The Dictionary of Alternatives
A term meaning ‘self-education’ or ‘self-directed learning’. The great age of auto-didacticism in England was during the formation of radical working-class organizations and movements at the end of the eighteenth and in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Charter School: Topic Page
Alternative type of American public school that, while paid for by taxes, is independent of the public-school system and relatively free from state and local regulations.
Distance Learning
From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide
Form of education using technology to teach students who are dispersed geographically.
Domestic Education
From Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia
Any education at home, for home life, or about home life. Political, social, and economic theorists have conceived in various ways of the educational importance of home and family.
Electronic Learning/E-Learning
From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia
Online training delivered to personal computers over the Internet, with the advantage that classes can be taken at any time and in any place, so that students are able to learn at their own pace.
Home Schooling
From The Columbia Encyclopedia
The practice of teaching children in the home as an alternative to attending public or private elementary or high school. In most cases, one or both of the children's parents serve as the teachers.
Religious Education
From Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia
Traditionally, the concept of religious education has been used to refer to the faith-nurturing activities of a community of faith.
Vocational Education: Topic Page
Training designed to advance individuals' general proficiency, especially in relation to their present or future occupations. The term does not normally include training for the professions.

Educators and Institutions

Summerhill
From The Dictionary of Alternatives
A Democratic school, originally founded in Hellerau near Dresden by A. S. Neill (1883–1973) in 1921. Neill was the headmaster at the Gretna Green school in Scotland, but left to pursue his idea that happy, free children are more likely to learn, and less likely to suffer the various problems associated with coercive education and emotional repression.
Ivan Illich (1926-2002)
From The Dictionary of Alternatives
A radical educationalist and social thinker. His first and most famous book, Deschooling Society (1971), argued for the replacement of prison-like institutions for education by lifelong learning webs.
Paulo Freire (1921-1997)
From Collins Dictionary of Sociology
(1921-1997) radical educationalist. His best known work Pedagogy of the Oppressed was translated into English in 1972. Freire used learning to facilitate the development of consciousness amongst oppressed and marginalised groups.

English as a Second Language

Second Language Acquisition
From The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
The term second language acquisition (SLA) refers to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign languages.
Second Language Learning and Instruction
From Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science
Despite general agreement that reading, writing and speaking a second language involve much more than the mastery of vocabulary and syntax, little attention has been directed towards understanding the sociocultural contexts of learning and the discursive practices that occur in classrooms and communities.
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
From A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics
North-American term, usually found as the acronym TESOL. TESOL is a general term for the teaching of English to speakers of other languages in a range of contexts.

Special Education

Inclusion
From Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
In educational terms, it is the opposite of ‘exclusion’ – instead of trying to get rid of difficult or problematic youngsters, it means including all types of learners, whatever their background, difficulties or disabilities.
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
Two major features of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA; 2004) are in place to ensure the most appropriate education of children with disabilities.
Mainstreaming
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
Mainstreaming was the popular term used for the legal doctrine of least restrictive environment (LRE).
Remedial Instruction
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
Corrective and remedial instruction are both forms of academic assistance provided to students who need special help in various areas of instruction.
Reverse Mainstreaming
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
Reverse mainstreaming is a procedure that introduces nondisabled students into special classrooms to work with students with severe disabilities.
Special Education
From Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
Special education is a service provided to students with educational disabilities.

Special Education: Issues

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Topic Page
(ADHD), formerly called hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction, a chronic, neurologically based syndrome characterized by any or all of three types of behavior: hyperactivity, distractibility, and impulsivity.
Autism: Topic Page
One of a spectrum of disorders defined by problems with communication, imagination, and social interaction. The symptoms may be present from birth or may develop in early childhood, around the third year.
Blindness: Topic Page
Partial or complete loss of sight. Blindness may be caused by injury, by lesions of the brain or optic nerve, by disease of the cornea or retina, by pathological changes originating in systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes) and by cataract, glaucoma, or retinal detachment.
Deafness: Topic Page
Partial or total lack of hearing. It may be present at birth (congenital) or may be acquired at any age thereafter.
Developmental Disabilities
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
A term representing an umbrella category referring to a diverse group of physical, cognitive, psychological, sensory, and speech impairments that begin anytime during an individual’s development up to 22 years of age.
Down Syndrome: Topic Page
Congenital disorder characterized by mild to severe mental retardation, slow physical development, and characteristic physical features.
Dyslexia
From Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development
Although the majority of children learn to read without difficulty, a substantial minority (between 4 and 10 percent) have significant problems.
Learning Disabilities
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
Children and adults classified as learning disabled (LD) are those individuals who are of normal intelligence but suffer mental information processing difficulties.
Mental Retardation: Topic Page
Below average level of intellectual functioning, usually defined by an IQ of below 70 to 75, combined with limitations in the skills necessary for daily living.
Physical Disabilities
From Encyclopedia of Special Education
A variety of interchangeable terms have been used to describe persons with physical handicaps.
Teen Pregnancy
From Encyclopedia of Women's Health
Currently, approximately 15 million girls under the age of 20 in the world have a child each year.

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