Library: Communication by Credo Reference: Journalism

Journalism

Ethics of journalism
From Encyclopedia of Ethics
Journalism has been slower than law and medicine to develop a set of guidelines or even a dialogue on the ethical issues its practitioners confront. Perhaps that is because journalism, like business, is not among the professions as traditionally conceived.
Fake News: Topic Page
Deliberate misinformation or a hoax spread via the print, broadcast, or social media, with the intent to mislead readers for financial or political gain.
Impartiality
From Dictionary of Media Studies
Tthe idea of being completely objective and uninvolved in reporting news.
Investigative Journalism
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Investigative journalism, also referred to as exposé reporting, seeks to uncover information about important, timely public matters that has remained hidden until revealed through the reporter's original inquiry.
Journalism: Topic Page
The collection and periodic publication or transmission of news through media such as newspaper, periodical, television, and radio.
Photography: Topic Page
Process for reproducing permanent images on light-sensitive materials by various forms of radiant energy, including visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays, atomic radiations, and electron beams.
Yellow journalism
From Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
In newspaper publishing, the use of lurid features and sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation.

Freedom of the Press

Freedom of the press in Africa
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications Press freedom in Africa is a complex, checkered, nonlinear affair. It was mostly nonexistent during the colonial period in most of the linguistic regions of the continent. It evolved from colonial subjugation, to tight government control during the period of the one-party state and apartheid, to the relative freedom of the present.
Freedom of the press in Asia
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
This article points out that that the political structures of Asian countries do not reflect a common set of “Asian values,” even though that concept is used as justification for controlling the press (or, more accurately, all outlets used for public communication).
Freedom of the press of the former Soviet republics
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Of the former Soviet republics, the Baltic states have developed the most tolerant atmosphere for journalists. Most international watchdog groups that chronicle infringements on press freedom do not even include Estonia, Latvia, or Lithuania in their annual reports.
Freedom of the press in Latin America
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
Political scientist Samuel Huntington has written that “democracy is a solution to the problem of tyranny, but not necessarily to anything else.” The problems faced by the Latin American press are in a real sense the problems of Latin America as a whole: poverty, violent conflict, inadequate economic development, chronic inflation and substantial external debt, and political leaders who in some cases are not fully committed to the rule of law.
Freedom of the press in in the Middle East and North Africa
From Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications
The authoritarian regimes, quasi-police states, oligarchies, and military-backed governments that dominate the political landscape of the Middle East and North Africa provide formidable obstacles to press freedom and independent journalism.

News Carriers

Newspapers: Topic Page
Publication issued periodically, usually daily or weekly, to convey information and opinion about current events.
News agency: Topic Page
Local, national, international, or technical organization that gathers and distributes news, usually for newspapers, periodicals, and broadcasters.
Magazine: Topic Page
Publication brought out periodically, typically containing articles, essays, short stories, reviews, and illustrations. It is thought that the first magazine was Le Journal des savants, published in France in 1665. The first magazine in the UK was a penny weekly, the Athenian Gazette, better known later as the Athenian Mercury (1690-97).
Broadsheet and tabloid
From The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide
Even though both tabloids and broadsheets are newspapers, they do not have the same content. Importantly, if both styles of newspaper report on the same news event, they are likely to choose a different angle, or emphasize different features of the story. In short, the content and style of broadsheets and tabloids are as different as their physical layout.

Roles

Editor
From Key Concepts in Public Relations
The editor is the most senior member of the editorial staff of any news organisation and is consequently judged accountable for all editorial decisions.
Journalist
From Key Concepts in Public Relations
Journalists get a bad press! Their public reputation could hardly be lower. A MORI poll in 1993 discovered that while 83 per cent of respondents trusted teachers and doctors to tell the truth and 14 per cent trusted politicians, only 10 per cent trusted journalists to be honest.
Columnist
From The Columbia Encyclopedia
The writer of an essay appearing regularly in a newspaper or periodical, usually under a constant heading.

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